Amiri Baraka’nın Dutchman Oyununda Rollerin Yeniden Okunması ve Konumlandırılması
Anahtar Kelimeler:
LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka, Dutchman, Devrimci Tiyatro, Mitler, Metinlerarasılık, YapısökümÖz
Amiri Baraka’nın çok bilinen ve övgüler kadar eleştirilerle
de karşı karşıya kalan oyunu Dutchman, Devrimci Tiyatronun ilk örneğidir. Baraka, Devrimci Tiyatroyu, izleyicileri sosyal adaletsizlik gerçeğiyle yüzleşmeye “iten” ve sosyal adaletsizliği yaratanları “suçlayan” ve “hedef alan” bir tiyatro türü olarak tanımlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Dutchman, Baraka’nın sanat aracılığıyla yıkım yaratma dürtüsünü yansıtan bir metindir. Bu makale, eser üzerine yazılmış incelemelerde hakim görüşün Clay ve Lula karakterlerinin mağdur ve zalim olarak indirgendiğini ileri sürmektedir. Makalenin amacı, bu karakterleri postmodernizm ışığında, daha karmaşık ve basmakalıplardan uzak bir şekilde göstermektir. Nitekim, her iki karakter de (kendilerini ve/veya toplumu) eşit oranda değiştirme ve yıkma potansiyeline sahiptir. Baraka son çözümlemesinde, Dutchman oyunundaki Devrimci Tiyatronun gerçek bir örneğini gözler önüne sermektedir: güçlü, suçlayıcı ve yıkıcı.
Referanslar
Achilles, Jochen. “Allegory and Iconography in African American Drama of the Sixties: Imamu Amiri Baraka’s Dutchman and Alice Childress’s Wine in the Wilderness.” Amerikastudien/ American Studies, vol. 45, no. 2, 2000, pp. 219–238. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41157564.
Adams, George R. “My Christ in Dutchman.” College Language Association Journal, vol. 15, 1971, pp. 54-58.
Alfaro, María Jesús Martínez. “Intertextuality: Origins and Development of the Concept.” Atlantis, vol. 18, no. 1/2, 1996, pp. 268-285. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41054827.
Baker, Christopher. “A Trip with the Strange Woman: Amiri Baraka’s Dutchman and the Book of Proverbs.” South Atlantic Review, vol. 78, no. 3/4, 2013, pp. 110-128. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/ stable/43739218.
Baraka, Amiri. Dutchman. Anthology of American Literature. Vol II: Realism to the Present, edited by George McMichael, et. al., MacMillan Publishing, 1980, pp. 1896-1908.
---. The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones. Lawrence Hill Books, 1997.
---. “The Revolutionary Theater” Liberator, July 1965 National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox: The Making of African American Identity: Vol. III, 1917-1968, pp.1-3.
Bonner, Willard Hallam. “The Flying Dutchman of the Western World.” Journal of American Folklore, vol. 59, no. 233, 1946, pp. 282- 288. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/536251.
Brown, Lloyd W. Amiri Baraka. G.B. Hall and Co., 1964. Derrida, Jacques. Margins of Philosophy. Translated by Alan Bass, U of Chicago P, 1982.
Fanon, Frantz. Black Skins, White Masks. Pluto Books, 2008.
Gohar, Saddik. “The Complicated Interfaces of Symbolism and Myth in Dutchman” International Journal of English Literature and Culture, vol. 6, no. 1, 2018, pp. 7-12.
Johnson, Barbara. “Writing.” Critical Terms for Literary Study, edited by Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin, U of Chicago P, 1990, pp. 39-49.
Kern, Douglas. Killing in the Name of Struggle: Amiri Baraka’s Revolutionary Theatre. The University of York. PhD dissertation, 2014.http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6365/1/Final%20 Submission%20PhD.pdf
Kristeva, Julia. The Kristeva Reader. Edited by Toril Moi. Columbia UP, 1986.
Kumar, Nita N. “The Logic of Retribution: Amiri Baraka’s Dutchman.” African American Review, vol. 37, no. 2/3, 2003, pp. 271-279. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1512313.
Lee, A. Robert. Designs of Blackness: Studies in the Literature of African-America, Pluto Press, 1998. ProQuest Ebook Central,http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/halictr/detail. action?docID=3386112.
Martin, Thaddeus. “Dutchman Reconsidered.” Black American Literature Forum, vol. 11, no. 2, 1977, p. 62. JSTOR, www.jstor. org/stable/3041574.
Matlin, Daniel. “‘Lift up Yr Self!” Reinterpreting Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones), Black Power, and the Uplift Tradition.” Journal of American History, vol. 93, no. 1, 2006, pp. 91-116. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4486061.
Neal, Larry. “The Black Arts Movement.” A Sourcebook on African-American Performance: Plays, People, Movements, edited by Annemarie Bean, Routledge, 1999. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/halictr/detail. action?docID=166118.
Nelson, Hugh. “LeRoi Jones’ Dutchman: A Brief Ride on a Doomed Ship.” Educational Theatre Journal, vol. 20, no. 1, 1968, pp. 53- 59, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3204875.
Nuyen, A. T. “Derrida’s Deconstruction: Wholeness and Différance.” Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. 3, no. 1, 1989, pp. 26- 38, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25669901.
Taylor, Willene P. “The Fall of Man Theme in Imamu Amiri Baraka’s [Le Roi Jones’] Dutchman.” Negro American Literature Forum, vol. 7, no. 4, 1973, pp. 127-131, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/ stable/3041441.
Reid, Calvin. “Amiri Baraka: Fierce Fictions, Radical Truths” Publishers Weekly, May 1, 2000. 247, 18; ABI/INFORM Collection p. 44.
Smith, David L. “Amiri Baraka and the Black Arts of Black Art.” Boundary 2, vol. 15, no. 1/2, 1986, pp. 235-254. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/303432.
Weisgram, Dianne H. “LeRoi Jones’ Dutchman: Inter-Racial Ritual of Sexual Violence.” American Imago, vol. 29, no. 3, 1972, pp. 215-232. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26302722.
Zengin, Mevlüde “An Introduction to Intertextuality as a Literary Theory: Definitions, Axioms and the Originators” Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 25, no.1, 2016, pp. 299-326.
