United States Foreign Policy and the 9/11 Crisis
Keywords:
United States foreign policy, 9/11 crisis, Patriot Act, transatlantic relations, military strategyAbstract
This article analyzes the transformative impact of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on United States foreign policy. The paper explores the legislative and military responses to the crisis, including the Patriot Act of 2002 and the expansion of the United States Strategic Command's responsibilities. The author contends that post-9/11 policies have strained transatlantic relations, particularly with France and Germany, due to perceived American unilateralism. This work investigates the shift in the American way of war, emphasizing pre-emption, precision weapons, and the use of special forces. The article demonstrates how historical antecedents of terrorism against Americans inform contemporary policy debates. Key findings highlight the global civil war narrative and the debate over an ostensible American empire.
(The abstract and keywords were prepared retrospectively for indexing purposes using AI-assisted tools and editorial review, based on the original article. They did not appear in the original publication.)
References
“A Change of Heart. ” The Economist. Sept. 6, 2003: 43-44.
“A Question of Freedom. ” The Economist. Mar. 8, 2003 : 47-49.
Amanat, Abbas. “ Empowered By Violence: The Reinventing of Islamic Extremism. ” Eds. Strobe Talbott and Nayan Chanda. The Age of Terror. New York: Basic Books, 2001: 23-52.
Banerjee, Neela and Douglas Jehl. “America Is Said To Be Seeking Help of Former Spies on Iran. ” International Herald Tribune. July 23, 2003: 3.
Bova, Ben. Star Peace:: Assured Survival. New York: TOR, 1986.
Bradley, John R. “Crown Prince Assails ‘Forces of Evil. ’” The Washington Times. August 15, 2003: A13.
Brooke, James. “Japan Rolls Out Missile Shield Plan. ” International Herald Tribune . Aug. 30-31, 2003: 1, 4.
Burkemann, Oliver and Nick Paton. “Bush Wants To Snuff Out Potential Enemies.” The Guardian. Sept. 21, 2002 :9.
Büyükanıt, Yaşar. “Globalization and International Security, Part 1. ” The Turkish Daily News. May 30, 2003: 7.
“CIA, FBI, NSA All Faulted in Failures That Preceded Sept. 11 Terrorist Attacks.” The Turkish Daily News. July 25, 2003 :9.
Cooper, Richard T. “ Making Nuclear Bombs ‘Usable.’ ” Los Angeles Times. Feb. 3, 2003: A18.
DeLuce, Dan. “Iran Nuclear Arms Fear Grows. ” Guardian Weekly. July 24-30, 2003: 4.
Dickey, Christopher and Maziar Bahari. “ Scaring the Ayatollahs. ” Newsweek. June 9, 2003: 23.
Dobra-Manco, Yasemin. “Turkish-American Relations: Just One Casualty of a New US Foreign Policy. ” The Turkish Daily News. June 18, 2003: 7.
Engel, Matthew. “Bush Sets Out Case for US First Strike. ” The Guardian . June 2, 2002: 10.
“EU Ponders Handling US Hyperpower. ” The Turkish Daily News. May 5, 2003: 1, 14.
Fitzgerald, Frances. “How Hawks Captured the White House. ” The Guardian. Sept. 24, 2002: 4.
Fleck, John. “New Role Is Seen For Nuke Weapons. ” Albuquerque Journal. Feb. 15, 2002: A5.
“France Praises Turkey’s New Iraq Policy. ” The Turkish Daily News. Apr. 24, 2003: 1, 14.
Friedman, Thomas L. “The Real Reasons for Going to War. ” International Herald Tribune August 4, 2003: 6.
Gertz, Bill and Rowan Scarborough. “Inside the Ring. ” The Washington Times. Aug. 15, 2003: A5.
Gibbons, Fiachra. “ US ‘is an empire in denial’: Historian Accuses Washington of Failing to Face the Facts. ” Guardian Unlimited. June 1, 2003.
Graham, Bradley. “Bush Secretly Orders Plan for Cyberattack. ” The Arizona Republic. Feb. 7, 2003: A 6.
Greenway, H. D. S. “ Fire Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz. ” International Herald Tribune. July 18, 2003 : 9.
Hill, Charles. “A Herculean Task: The Myth and Reality of Arab Terrorism. ” Eds. Strobe Talbott and
Nayan Chanda. The Age of Terror. New York: Basic Books, 2001: 81-111.
Hirsh, Michael. “Our New Civil War. ” Newsweek. May 12, 2003: 38.
“Iran Completes Tests on Missile That Can Hit Israel. ” The Turkish Daily News. July 8, 2003: 1, 14.
“Iran’s Nuclear Programme: Fissionable. ” The Economist. June 14, 2003: 26.
“Is Poland America’s Donkey or Could It Become NATO’s Horse? ” The Economist. May 10, 2003: 25-26.
Jae-Suk Yoo. “N. Korea Again Accuses Washington of Planning ‘Nuclear Attack. ’” The Turkish Daily News. Mar. 10, 2003 :8.
Johnston, David. “ Sept. 11 Panel Cites Agencies’ Failures ” International Herald Tribune. July 24, 2003: 1, 4.
Johnston, David. “ FBI Agents Question Saudi on 9/11 Links. ” International Herald Tribune Aug. 6, 2003: 4.
Kageyama, Yuri. “Japan Rethinks Nuclear Taboo. ” Washington Post. Aug. 15, 2003: A15.
Kennedy, Paul. “Maintaining American Power: From Injury to Recovery. ” Eds. Strobe Talbott and
Nayan Chanda. The Age of Terror. New York: Basic Books, 2001: 53-79.
Kettle, Martin. “America Wanted War. ” Guardian Weekly. July 24-30, 2003: 11.
Knox, Macgregor. “ America Is Fighting a Global Civil War. ” Financial Times. Apr. 15, 2003: 15 .
Krauthammer, Charles. “Paying the Price for Clinton’s Holiday. ” The Arizona Republic . Feb. 16, 2003 :V5.
Kristof, Nicholas. “Pentagon Targets in North Korea. ” International Herald Tribune. March 1-2: 4.
Lukacs, John A. A History of the Cold War. New York: Doubleday, 1960.
Lumpkin, John J. “Ex-Official: Evidence Distorted for War. ” Yahoo! News. June 7, 2003.
Lumpkin, John J. “US: N. Korea Nuke Plant Activity Stops. ” Yahoo! News . Sept. 11, 2003.
Mahoney, Leo J. “Technology, Foreign Policy, and American Culture: ‘Star Wars’ as the American
Techno-Edged Sword. ” Paper. Trabzon: Karadeniz Technical University: Apr. 16, 2003: 13.
“Manifest Destiny Warmed Up? ” The Economist. Aug. 16, 2003: 21.
Matthews, Owen. “Edging Toward a Bomb? ” Newsweek . June 30/July 7, 2003: 24.
Mitchell, Alison. “Moving To Head Off a Digital Pearl Harbor. ” International Herald Tribune Nov. 19, 2001: 3.
Murphy, Brian. “A New World War? Some Say It’s Already Here. ” The Turkish Daily News Sept. 11, 2003: 7.
“New Fiction: Biting At The Future. ” The Economist. May 3, 2003: 76.
“Next On The List? ” The Economist. June 14, 2003: 25.
Nishihara, Masashi. “North Korea’s Trojan Horse. ” The Washington Post. Aug. 14, 2003: A19.
“North Korea Hardens Stance on Nukes. ” The Turkish Daily News. Apr. 7, 2003: 9.
Pepper, Tara. “Pigs With Six Kidneys. ” Newsweek. July 14, 2003: 60.
Pfaff, William. “Bush Policy Risks Terminal Strains in NATO. ” International Herald Tribune July 21, 2003: 6.
-----. “The Transatlantic Dispute Simmers. ” International Herald Tribune. June 26, 2003: 8.
Pincus, Walter. “U. S. Considers Restocking Low-Yield Nuclear Weapons. ” The Arizona Republic . Feb. 23, 2003: A9.
“ PLA To Guard Border With North Korea. ” The Turkish Daily News. Sept. 16, 2003: 9.
Pollack, Jonathan. “Intelligence Agencies in a Swamp of Doubt. ” Los Angeles Times. Aug. 25, 2003: B11.
Ramberg, Bennett. “Cold Warriors Long To Bring Back The Bomb. ” International Herald Tribune. July 19-20, 2003: 6.
Reeves, Richard. “Bush Has America, Rest of World Running Scared. ” Albuquerque Journal Feb. 14, 2003: A14.
“Remorseful Bali Bomber Suspect Says He Only Followed Orders. ” The Turkish Daily News Sept. 16, 2003: 8.
Robinson, Linda. “What’s In The Report? ” U. S. News & World Report. Aug. 11, 2003: 20.
“Rumsfeld Places Bombers on Alert. ” San Francisco Chronicle. Feb. 4, 2003: A9.
“Rumsfeld’s Pentagon Gains Clout in US Gov’t. ” The Turkish Daily News. July 5, 2003: 14.
Sanger, David E. “Tougher Terms on Pyongyang. ” International Herald Tribune. Apr. 18, 2003: 1, 4.
Sanger, David E. and Thom Shanker. “Pyongyang Is Feared To Have 2d Nuclear Site. ” International Herald Tribune. July 21-2, 2003: 1, 4.
Schiesel, Seth. “Taking Aim at Enemy’s Chips. ” The New York Times. Feb. 20, 2003: E1, E5.
“Seoul Says N. Korea Reprocessed Nuclear Rods. ” The Turkish Daily News. July 10, 2003: 1, 14.
Sharkey, Joe. “Shoe Inspections Leave Passengers Ready To Revolt. ” International Herald Tribune. June 27, 2003: 9.
Stellin, Susan. “Polishing Up Shoe Security. ” International Herald Tribune. July 25, 2003: 7.
“Tehran Pledges Commitment To Nuclear Pact. ” The Turkish Daily News. Sept. 16, 2003: 9.
Tetreault, Steve. “Resumption of Nuclear Testing on Bush Agenda. ” Las Vegas Review-Journal. Feb. 21, 2003: 3B.
“ The New National Security Strategy of the United States. ” The Turkish Daily News. Oct. 4, Oct. 5, 2002: 7.
Thomas, Evan and Martha Brant. “ The Education of Tommy Franks. ” Newsweek. May 19, 2003: 17- 18.
Tisdall, Simon. “ This Is What Europe Must Do To Resist American Might. ” The Guardian May 8, 2003: 12.
Turner, Jim. “ The Bottom Line: More Security. ” Los Angeles Times. Aug. 28, 2003: B17.
“US Gathers 20 Allies To Force Iran Nuclear Deadline.” The Turkish Daily News. Sept. 12, 2003: 9.
“US More Forgiving of Some War Critics Than Others.” The Turkish Daily News. May 19, 2003: 1, 14.
“US Repositioning Bombers Near N. Korea.” The Turkish Daily News. Mar. 6, 2003: 9.
Watts, Jonathan and Julian Borger.“ US Finds Evidence of Secret Nuclear Plant in North Korea.” Guardian Weekly. July 24-30, 2003: 2.
Wehrfritz, George and Richard Wolfe. “Second Guessing.” Newsweek. Apr. 28, 2003: 35.
Weisman, Steven R. “U. S. Exercises Aim at N. Korea.” San Antonio Express-News. Aug. 18, 2003: 1A, 10A.
White, Mark J. Missiles in Cuba: Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro and the 1962 Crisis. New York: Ivar R. Dee, Inc., 1998.
Wolfe, Richard and Bakak Dehghanpisheh. “ Iran: The Next Flashpoint? ” Newsweek June30/July 7, 2003: 23.
Zakaria, Fareed. “ Why America Scares the World and What To Do About It. ” Newsweek Mar. 24, 2003: 15-30.
